Peter Drucker (1909–2005) saw the basic task of management as twofold: marketing and innovation.Ghislain Deslandes defines management as "a vulnerable force, under pressure to achieve results and endowed with the triple power of constraint, imitation and imagination, operating on subjective, interpersonal, institutional and environmental levels".Management is included as one of the factors of production – along with machines, materials and money.Fredmund Malik (1944– ) defines management as "the transformation of resources into utility".Henri Fayol (1841–1925) stated: "to manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control.".Views on the definition and scope of management include: The French word mesnagement (or ménagement) influenced the semantic development of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries. Ménagerie is the French translation of Xenophon's famous book Oeconomicus ( Greek: Οἰκονομικός) on household matters and husbandry. The French word for housekeeping, ménagerie, derived from ménager ("to keep house" compare ménage for "household"), also encompasses taking care of domestic animals. These three terms derive from the two Latin words manus (hand) and agere (to act). In Spanish, manejar can also mean to rule the horses. Also the Italian term maneggiare (to handle, especially tools or a horse) is possible. The English verb "manage" has its roots by the XV century French verb 'mesnager', which often referred in equestrian language "to hold in hand the reins of a horse". 8 Policies and strategies in the planning process.7.4 Implementation of policies and strategies.Social scientists study management as an academic discipline, investigating areas such as social organization, organizational adaptation, and organizational leadership. In smaller organizations, a manager may have a much wider scope and may perform several roles or even all of the roles commonly observed in a large organization. They are usually considered part of the workforce and not a proper part of the organization's management. Line managers often perform the traditional functions of management. Line managers such as supervisors and front-line team leaders, oversee the work of regular employees (or volunteers, in some voluntary organizations) and provide direction on their work.They communicate the strategic goals of senior management to the front-line managers. Middle managers such as branch managers, regional managers, department managers, and section managers, who provide direction to the front-line managers.Senior managers are generally executive-level professionals who provide direction to middle management, and directly or indirectly report to them. Senior managers such as members of a board of directors and a chief executive officer (CEO) or a president of an organization sets the strategic goals of the organization and make decisions on how the overall organization will operate.Larger organizations generally have three hierarchical levels of managers, in a pyramid structure:
In the past few decades, there has been a movement for evidence-based management. Individuals who aim to become management specialists or experts, management researchers, or professors may complete the Doctor of Management (DM), the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), or the PhD in Business Administration or Management. Some people study management at colleges or universities major degrees in management includes the Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.), Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA.), Master of Business Administration (MBA.), Master in Management (MSM or MIM) and, for the public sector, the Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree. The term "management" may also refer to those people who manage an organization- managers. "Run the business" and "Change the business" are two concepts that are used in management to differentiate between the continued delivery of goods or services and adapting of goods or services to meet the changing needs of customers - see trend. Management includes the activities of setting the strategy of an organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees (or of volunteers) to accomplish its objectives through the application of available resources, such as financial, natural, technological, and human resources. It is the art and science of managing resources of the business. Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a non-profit organization, or a government body.
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